What is more difficult to protect yourself against, radiation or biological agents?

Erja Mäkelä, Helena Mäkinen, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health

Contents

• 1 Introduction
• 2 Risk direction
• three Gamble assessment for the choice of protective vesture against chemical and biological hazards
  • 3.1 Take a chance - combination of likelihood and severity of consequence
  • 3.2 Chemical risks
  • 3.3 Biological risks
  • 3.4 Human characteristics
• iv Selection of protective habiliment against chemical and biological hazards
  • 4.1 Chemic protective article of clothing
    • 4.ane.1 Basic principles of pick
    • 4.1.2 Types of chemical protective clothing
    • iv.one.3 Chemical permeation
    • four.1.4 Chemical penetration concerning the type half dozen of chemical protective clothing
    • 4.1.5 Mechanical properties
    • 4.1.6 Resistance to ignition
  • 4.2 Protective clothing against biological hazards
  • iv.3 Physical strain while using protective wearable against chemic and biological hazards
  • 4.iv Ease of use and compatibility with other equipment
• 5 Purchase
• 6 Employ and training for safe apply
• 7 Care and maintenance
  • 7.ane General
  • 7.two Decontamination
  • seven.iii Storage
  • 7.iv Inspection
  • 7.5 Repair
• eight References
• 9 Links for further reading

Introduction

In that location are half-dozen bones types of protective clothing against chemic and microbiological hazards: 1) gas-tight, ii) air-fed non-gas-tight suits, 3) suits against pressurised liquids, 4) suits confronting sprayed liquids, five) suits against solid particles, and 6) suits offering express protective performance confronting liquid chemicals. Furthermore, several subtypes exist. Within each type, the efficacy against different chemicals, microbes, and mechanical strength varies depending on the structure of the clothing and material properties. Clothing types 3, four, and half dozen may cover the user's body but partially. This article provides information about the option, use, and maintenance of protective wearable against chemical and microbiological hazards.

Run a risk management

Occupational risks relating to health and safety accept to be managed, starting time past choices of the work methods and materials, second by technical measures, and lastly by the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) ^{[1] [ii] [three] [4]} . In an ideal situation, PPE should not be needed. In the workplace, the employer has to ascertain the adequate risk level which has to exist at to the lowest degree the statutory occupational exposure level, but preferably less than that level.

PPE are often also needed during the time when new technical risk management measures are existence planned, constructed, and introduced into use. When all the planned hazard management measures are in place, the rest run a risk level needs to be controlled so that it remains beneath the acceptable risk level.

Personal protective equipment can be used for minimizing the risks, but very rarely tin remove the entire chance. The efficacy of the protective wear which is meant confronting chemic or biological hazards requires that information technology is chosen, stored, used, and maintained correctly. The usability and maintenance should be taken into account to match the protective article of clothing and its intended utilize.

The provision of protective clothing is covered by a European directive ^[2], which has been transposed into fellow member land legislation. The main points of the directive are given below.

PPE must be used when the risks cannot be avoided or sufficiently limited by technical means of collective protection or procedures of work organisation.

Employers' obligations: PPE must comply with the relevant provisions on pattern and industry with respect to rubber and wellness (CE marking based on EU Regulation 2016/425/EU) ^[v].

All personal protective equipment must: - be appropriate for the risks involved, without itself imposing any increased gamble - correspond to existing conditions in the workplace - take account of ergonomic requirements and the worker's state of health - fit the wearer correctly later any necessary adjustment - be provided free of charge and kept in good status - exist compatible with other PPE used. Workers must exist consulted over PPE, and provided with instruction and training on its use.

Take a chance assessment for the choice of protective vesture against chemic and biological hazards

Risk - combination of likelihood and severity of issue

The decision to use PPE equally a command measure out and its choice needs to be based on a hazard assessment.

Adventure assessment should identify all hazards nowadays and provide a measure out of take a chance. Information should be available on the safe level of the hazards. Since the mensurate of existing risk and the safe level are known, information technology should be possible to determine how efficient the PPE needs to be. Concrete, thermal and audio-visual risks also need to be assessed in the option of protective clothing in addition to the chemic and biological hazards. The likelihood of accidents has to also be assessed and realistic worst case scenarios are devised. The risk may concern the whole body or part of the body. The PPE should cover all body parts that are at adventure. The use of the dust, liquid or gas tight habiliment raises the risk of elevation of trunk temperature, which has to exist taken into account in planning the job to be carried out. ^{[1] [ii] [3] [four] [6] [7] [8] [9]}.

Chance is a combination of likelihood of exposure and severity of event caused by exposure. Likelihood of pare exposure can be estimated in the following classes:

• never
• very unlikely
• unlikely merely possible
• likely
• multiple exposures likely
• continuous.

Severity of exposure can be:

• no effect
• discomfort
• treatable injury
• debilitating injury or
• death.

Chemical risks

For chemicals, the hazard phrases from the safety data sheets should be used to assist in the assessment of risks. The risks for cancer, mutagenic or genotoxic effects, asthma, or intoxication are examples of the most severe hazards. Chemical burns may be classified into to several categories of severity. The furnishings of exposure to solvents may exist irritation and discomfort, just long term inhalation or skin exposure may lead to severe nervous system disturbances ^[10].

Chemical protective gloves and wear is needed when the chemicals are:

• irritant
• corrosive
• allergic sensitizers
• photosensitizers
• skin carcinogens or
• pose a percutaneous risk.

The classification of chemicals on the safety data sheet informs about the hazards posed by the chemical in use. "Skin notation" side by side to the occupational exposure level signifies the percutaneous risk. Percutaneous run a risk means that the chemical can penetrate through the peel and cause effects e.g. intoxication, cancer, or other furnishings in a body. Currently the safety data sheets may also contain exposure scenarios, which straight inform nigh the kinds of run a risk management measures along with the protective clothing which should exist used in specific tasks where hazardous chemicals are present.

The risk assessment needs to business relationship for:

• blazon of [Dangerous substances (chemic and biological)|chemic/chancy agent]]: solid, liquid, gas, vapour, aerosol
• toxicity
• concentration
• duration of exposure (time in seconds, minutes or hours)
• contact characteristics such as continual contact, intermittent contact, accidental contact, amount of probable splash) ^{[vii] [eight] [nine]}.

The protection of the wellness and condom of workers from the risks related to chemical agents at work is covered by a European directive ^[iii], which has been transposed into member state legislation.

Biological risks

Viruses, leaner, prions, fungi, and parasites are biological agents, some of which are hazardous. Rubber air concentrations for hazardous biological agents are seldom known. The risk assessment has to focus on which kinds of chancy biological agents are present, how hazardous are they, and what are the routes for exposure: (1) inhalation, (2) ingestion; (3) contact with the mucous membranes of the eyes or nasal tissues; or (4) penetration of the skin through lesions or abrasions ^[11]. The hazardousness depends on the effects that the biological organism tin can cause and the treatability of the furnishings i.e. illness. The protection of workers from risks related to exposure to biological agents at work is covered by a European directive ^[4]. In the directive, the biological agents are classified into four take chances groups, according to their level of gamble of infection:

• group 1: biological amanuensis ways one that is unlikely to crusade human illness;
• grouping 2: biological agent refers 1 that tin can cause human disease and might be a hazard to workers; it is unlikely to spread to the community; at that place is ordinarily effective prophylaxis or handling available;
• grouping 3: biological agent ways one that can crusade severe human affliction and present a serious gamble to workers; information technology may pose a risk of spreading to the community, but at that place is usually effective prophylaxis or handling bachelor;
• group four: biological agent signifies one that causes severe human affliction and is a serious hazard to workers; it may present a high risk of spreading to the customs; there is commonly no constructive prophylaxis or treatment bachelor.

The prevention of the affliction requires a combination of measures such every bit isolation, hygiene, medication, vaccination, and PPE. Biological agents as liquid or solid organic airborne particles, deport in the same mode in the air equally inert or inorganic particles. Each blazon of organism has its size range that has to be taken into account for PPE option.

Protective clothing against biological hazards may be needed in microbiological laboratories, biotechnological production, waste material handling, sewage piece of work, caring for infected animals or humans, emergency clean-up, treatment of hospital risk waste, pandemic preparedness and response, crime scene investigation, and bioterrorism incidents ^[12].

Human being characteristics

Risks are besides dependent on the human characteristics of the wearable users ^[7]. The clothing itself may crusade additional risk. Medical issues have to be considered: allergies, heat stress, physical stress, and psychic stress. Claustrophobia may prevent the utilise of encapsulating suits.

Protective clothing affects:

• heat stress
• mobility
• vision
• ease of communication
• hand office (dexterity, grip, tactility)
• comfort
• health of pare.

Poor motivation for using PPE correctly might be the highest take a chance factor, which may cause the PPE to neglect to protect the wearer. The best cure is to make certain that PPE users are fully informed about the risks and the details of the methods that are used for managing the risk, as well every bit being themselves involved in the PPE selection process. Assessments on the efficacy of the risk direction measures are needed.

Option of protective clothing against chemical and biological hazards

Chemic protective clothing

Basic principles of choice

Where chemical exposure cannot be prevented by other means, private protection measures including PPE needs to be applied ^[2]. Chemical protective clothing (CPC) should be selected to reduce the hazardous exposure well below the danger level. The aim is that the exposure is not at the statutory occupational exposure level, but at a level which the employer can trust to be safety for the employee. For protection, only PPE that has a CE-marking should be used.

The first option to exist made is the wearable type. The types are categorised in accordance to the leak tightness and the structure of the clothing (Table ane). Second, the resistance to permeation or penetration by chemicals has to be considered. The clothing also needs to be of adequate mechanical force to suit to the task to be carried out. Maintenance and user comfort must not to be overlooked. Many CPC materials take hold of burn down easily. If this gamble is present, the CPC needs to exist selected appropriately. If the take chances posed by the chemicals used concerns only a office of the body, the CPC tin exist selected to protect but that part of the body, e.thousand. arms. For such CPC, the letter marking Atomic number 82 (partial body) is added after the mark of the type. The CPC can be meant for limited utilise (or single use) or they tin exist reusable. The requirements for reusable CPC are usually stricter than for CPC for limited use ^[7].

1 CPC product often represents several types. It is mutual that type 3 protective vesture is too a type 4, 5, and 6 clothing, and also habiliment protecting against biological hazards and radioactive contamination.

Types of chemic protective vesture

Table 1: Types and purposes of chemical protective vesture

Source: Overview by the authors

Type 1 CPCs, gas tight suits, are divided into several sub-types. Blazon 1a has a breathable air supply inside the chemical protective suit. The air supply tin be e.one thousand. self-independent open up-circuit compressed air breathing apparatus. In type 1b the breathable air supply is worn outside the CPC. In type 1c, a positive pressure of breathable air tin can be provided via air lines ^[13]. Types 1a-ET and 1b-ET are meant for emergency teams ^[14]. Blazon 1 CPC may be needed for case confronting dimethyl sulphate, ammonia, chlorine, cyanogen chloride, hydrogen cyanide, sulphur mustard, or Sarin.

Figure 2: Pictogram for chemic protective article of clothingSource: standard EN 13982-i ^[15]

The leak tightness for blazon 1a, and for types 1b in which the facemask is permanently joined to the suit, is ensured with a test that measures how pressurised air is held by the suit. Type 1b suits which have facemasks that are non permanently joined to the suits take to be tested with the same pressure test but besides inward leakage examination. The inwards leakage shall not be greater than 0.05% when measured in the ocular cavity of the mask. In leakage exam is likewise used for type 1c and type 2 suits.

Type two CPC are not gas tight and a positive pressure of breathable air is provided into the suit due east.g. via air lines. The suits can be used against aerosols, sprays or gases, for instance in the manufacture of drugs or other hazardous materials, if the chore requires that the employee stands still ^[13].

Type 3 CPC (and PB) has liquid-tight connections between different parts of the article of clothing. The CPC can be used in tasks where the contaminants are not air-borne, chemicals may splash nether pressure, or the work space is confined and the employee has to lean on contaminated surfaces. The type three CPC is not tested for leakage of a gas or particles, just it is tested for leaks by compressed jets of h2o ^[14]. The materials tin be the aforementioned as those used in type 1 or 2 CPC.

Type 4 CPC (and PB) has spray-tight connections between different parts of the clothing. The CPC can be used in tasks where the contaminants are not air-borne, there is a risk of modest splashes of chemicals, and the work infinite is non confined. The type 4 CPC is tested by spraying it with water ^{[sixteen] [2]}. The materials can exist the same every bit for the type 5, but the seams are taped.

Type 5 CPC is intended for utilize confronting air-borne solid particles. It is oftentimes used to lessen the respiratory exposure such equally those encountered in asbestos work and other tasks with hazardous dusts. The leak tightness of the adjust is evaluated through two criteria.

Figure 3: Pictogram "Manufacturer's instructions take to exist consulted"Source: standard EN 13982-1 ^[15]

1 special test is for the total inwards leakage (TIL), i.e. the overall hateful penetration through the suit while worn by test persons in sodium chloride aerosol temper. The TIL can be used every bit laboratory based efficacy measure for the CPC. For the type 5 CPC the TIL has to be less than 15% for 8 test persons out of 10 ^[15]. This is a factor to exist seriously considered while selecting the type 5 clothing against chancy chemicals.

Type vi CPC (and Atomic number 82) is meant for tasks where express protective against liquid chemicals is needed. The overall efficacy of the habiliment is tested with a similar spray examination equally used in type 4 CPC, merely with simply 10% of the liquid load ^[17]. The material efficacy against chemicals is measured in percentages, while the types 1–4 are classified in units of micrograms per square centimetres. The type 6 CPC should exist merely used against small and rare splashes of irritant substances.

CPC has several markings e.thousand. standard number, type, size and pictograms (Figure ii and Figure 3).

The get-go marking means that the vesture is for protection against chemicals and the latter marking means that one must adhere to the manufacturer's instructions.

Chemical permeation

Leak tightness and resistance to permeation confronting hazardous chemicals are the 2 basic factors in option of the CPC. Chemical permeation tests are required for types 1–4 CPC. The measure of chemic permeation is quantum fourth dimension. It is the time elapsing between the initial application of a test chemical to the outside surface of a protective material and the time when the permeation rate through the cloth exceeds i,0 µg ten min-1 10 cm-2 or 0,1 µg ten min-ane x cm-2 ^[18]. The breakthrough fourth dimension is e'er specific for the pair: CPC material and chemical. Generalising the quantum times for materials types with the same material names is common, but this should be washed with corking caution, since the breakthrough time is not necessarily the same for the materials with the aforementioned names.

EN standards require the breakthrough times to be reported as protection classes (Table two).

Table two: Protection classes for chemical permeation and corresponding breakthrough times

Protection form	Breakthrough time, min
1	ten - 30
2	30 - 60
3	threescore -120
iv	120 - 240
5	240 - 480
6	over 480

Source: EN 14325 ^[19]

Quantum time is not same every bit the safe usage time of the clothing. Quantum times can be used in comparing several products and also as a warning about totally unsuitable products. The efficacy of the selected wearable has to exist always related to the risks involved in the task.

Types 1a-ET and 1b-ET have to exist tested against permeation of 15 chemicals that are listed in the standard EN 943-2 ^[14]. The test chemicals represent a wide range of aggressive chemicals. Thus, the vesture that meets the requirements according to this standard, will offering protection against a wide range of chemicals. If the breakthrough fourth dimension for those solvents, gases, acids and bases is not over 30 min, the instructions for use must conspicuously state that this CPC does not offer protection confronting continuous exposure to the chemical.

Chemic penetration apropos the blazon half dozen of chemical protective wearable

In the exam for chemical penetration, a small quantity of liquid is dispensed onto the surface of the protective clothing material, which is laid in an inclined gutter at an bending of 45°. The liquid is allowed to run off and the quantity that penetrates the fabric is measured. The type 6 CPC (and Pb) will fulfill its requirements, if for 1 test chemic of those that are listed in the standard EN 13034, the penetration is less than 5%. The chemicals are sulphuric acrid (thirty%), sodium hydroxide (10%), o-xylene, and butan-1-ol ^{[17] [20]} Other test chemicals can as well be used.

Mechanical properties

CPC must possess minimum performance requirements for mechanical strength. In laboratory tests preceding the EC type examination of types 1–iv clothing, the following mechanical properties are assessed:

• abrasion resistance
• flex smashing resistance
• flex slap-up at temperature of -30°C (not mandatory exam)
• trapezoidal tear resistance
• tensile forcefulness
• puncture resistance ^{[13] [14] [16]}.

The same properties are measured and classified for the CPC types v–half dozen with the exceptions that the tensile strength for blazon 5 and flex dandy for type 6 are not essential ^{[15] [17]}.

The results of the cess are given every bit protection classes in the CPC'south instructions for apply. Each course can be used in a comparing between dissimilar CPC. The larger the number of the protection class the better is the wear with respect to that property ^[19].

Resistance to ignition

In the ignition test of the CPC, a flame is passed over the surface of the material. The material should not class droplets and should prove to be self-extinguishing ^[21]. Passing this test does not mean that the CPC would not burn down in burn. This requirement must exist met for CPC of types ane, 2, five, and 6.

Protective clothing confronting biological hazards

Figure 4: Pictogram indicating protection against biological hazardsSource: standard EN 14126 ^[12]

The statutes country the workers' exposure to biological hazards must be prevented. Where the exposure cannot be prevented by other means, individual protection measures including PPE must be used. Workers have to be provided with appropriate protective clothing or other appropriate special clothing ^[iv].

According to the standard EN 14126 protective clothing against biological hazards is classified into the same types of leak tightness as chemical protective wearable ^[12]. As a style of recognizing the article of clothing, the suffix B is added, e.1000. blazon 3-B. The pictogram "protection against biological hazards" is also used (Figure 4).

The clothing materials are tested for resistance:

• Against penetration by contaminated liquids under hydrostatic pressure. This the only viral test for the clothing. There are 6 classes of hydrostatic pressure level from 0 to 20 kPa, with bacteriophage PHI-X174 being used as a challenge virus, and the extent of penetration of the bacteriophage is examined.

• Against penetration past infective agents due to mechanical contact with substances containing contaminated liquids. In this test, rubbing and liquid migration may allow the staphylococcus aureus bacteria to penetrate through the protective cloth. Breakthrough time is the measure of the penetration. Times from 0 to more than 75 min are divided into 6 protection classes.

• Against penetration by contaminated liquid aerosols. The bacteria are measured as colony forming units, and the number of units is subdivided to 3 protection classes.

• Against penetration by contaminated solid particles. The bacteria are measured every bit colony forming units, and the number of units is subdivided to 3 protection classes.

In the selection of the protective clothing, i should exist notation that the efficacy offered by the protection course one is not very high. The larger the number of the protection form, the improve is the wear for that specific property.

Physical strain while using protective wear against chemical and biological hazards

Working in impermeable protective article of clothing has significant effects on the thermal load generated by its users. The wear limits heat and wet transport and this leads to elevation of skin and cadre temperature. This can event in various health effects ranging from transient rut fatigue to serious affliction, even death. The type of the clothing and its ventilation, the work activity, climate conditions, and the characteristics of the wearer of the clothing all influence the development of the heat stress ^{[7] [9] [9]}. CPC types 1–3 are made from impermeable materials, types 4–half dozen may also be fabricated of microporous materials, simply but blazon 6 materials can be breathable.

The physical operation of the users has to be examined before starting the occupational use of leak tight protective clothing and periodic examinations take to be conducted. Spiroergometry is used to evaluate Finnish chemical emergency rescuers ^[22].

The tasks need to be planned with care. The clothing user needs rest breaks. If the environs is hot and piece of work load is heavy, the working time may have to be limited e.g. twenty min. The user should be monitored for physiological factors such as heart charge per unit, temperature, and body water loss ^[9].

Ease of use and compatibility with other equipment

Protective clothing against chemical and biological hazards makes information technology more than difficult to carry out the work, simply the hindrance should exist every bit small as possible. Comfortable work conditions brand the work more efficient, and thus efforts should be expended in the selection of the clothing. The user has to be able to perform all the movements, assume the working positions he or she will have when performing the work, and be able to use the working tools. In order to ease the work load the clothing should exist selected so that its donning and removal are piece of cake. The removal has to be straightforward also since different kind of emergencies may ascend, and the article of clothing may need to exist taken off quickly. A poor fit of the clothing may outcome in reduced efficacy of the vesture ^{[seven] [9]}.

If other PPE are needed together with the protective clothing, the efficacy of the unabridged PPE has to be ensured. Special care has to be taken to ensure that the wearer, who has to clothing hearing protection will be protected and exist able to communicate and hear warning signals. Difficulties may likewise arise in combining gloves, footwear, respiratory mask, and center shields and so that they are tight plenty. When using protection against fall from heights, attention should be paid to the mechanical forcefulness of the protective vesture.

Workers accept the right to exist consulted over the selection and purchase of protective wear. Wearer trials are needed to ensure the usability of the protective clothing. An evaluation of the maintainability of the clothing is likewise needed earlier the selection.

Purchase

The buy of protective clothing should always be based on a risk assessment. Instructions for the purchase have to be clear. In order to ensure that the purchaser is sufficiently informed to be able to purchase the right protective clothing, the purchaser should be involved in all the phases of the choice procedure. The suit which is evaluated as possessing proper materials and construction, and which conforms to the specifications should be purchased ^[7]. Personal protective equipment must be provided free of charge by the employer to the employees.

Apply and training for safe utilize

The legislation requires workers to be provided with training on the use of protective equipment ^{[2] [3] [four]}. Training should exist given to protective clothing wearers, supervisors, back up personnel and others whose workplace role influences the habiliment wearers. Information is needed on:

• workplace risks;
• reasons why the use of the clothing is necessary;
• the limitations imposed on the wearer by the article of clothing;
• personal responsibility for wear and intendance of the article of clothing
• possible causes for the inefficacy of the clothing;
• periods of piece of work and rest;
• need for consumption of liquid, and
• decontamination procedures.

Provisions for cocky rescue and rescue assistance need to be planned in accelerate. I crucial office of the training is the response in the instance of an emergency.

User grooming includes donning and removal of the protective clothing. The training should include pre-use checks, condom work methods and monitoring the clothing while in use. The user grooming should be carried out nether realistic conditions and with actual equipment following the same procedures as in the real work task. In user training, the concluding cheque of size, fit, and compatibility is investigated. Preparation has to prohibit misuse due to a lack of agreement of clothing limitations, e.g. wearing a splash garment as a way to offering vapour protection.

Pre-use checks include checking for defects in:

• ensemble associates
• garment and components
• accompaniment
• interface (closure, zippers)
• sufficiency of ventilation charge per unit (gas-tight clothing).

The training should be supported with regular refresher courses. Records should be kept for trainees, trainers and training content ^{[7] [9] [21]}.

Care and maintenance

General

Planned management of the care and maintenance of protective vesture is essential. Damaged protective wear can put users at extra run a risk as they can take a fake sense of security. The instructions for use of protective wearable incorporate guidance on cleaning and disinfection or decontamination as well equally on storage. In addition for clothing made of treated materials, at that place needs to be data when the reapplication of repellance handling is necessary. The manufacturer must also provide information about repair of the habiliment ^{[7] [12] [thirteen] [14] [16] [two] [fifteen] [21]}.

Decontamination

During decontamination, the contaminants are removed or neutralized from the chemical protective clothing. Gross decontamination allows the user to exit safely or remove the protection. Normal decontamination permits the reuse of the types of protective clothing that are reusable. Decontamination tin be made physical (pressurised h2o, scrubbing) or chemical methods (inactivate the contaminant) or by using combination of these techniques. There has to be a program for the decontamination process before allowing the workers to enter areas where there are chancy substances. The decontamination procedure should not put other people or the environment at risk or impairment the PPE. Workers profitable in decontamination also accept to be protected. The effectiveness of decontamination should be checked e.g. visually searching for signs of discolorations, swelling, corrosive effects, stiffness or degradation of the cloth ^{[vii] [ix]}. Single employ wear is used when the contamination cannot be effectively removed from the wearable. Single use clothing is commonly used against microbiological agents or chancy dusts, e.one thousand. asbestos.

Storage

The storage must be arranged to prevent impairment to the suits. Exposure to sunlight, dust, moisture, chemicals, farthermost temperatures and mechanical damages due east.grand. folding must be prevented. Potentially contaminated suits must be stored separately from normal work clothing and unused protective clothing.

Inspection

Regular inspection is necessary and should include inspection when the clothing is first received, inspection when the clothing is selected for a item chemic operation, inspected after use in grooming and previous maintenance, periodic inspection of stored equipment, and filling in an inspection questionnaire about cases. Records must be kept of all inspection procedures containing detail identification number, engagement of inspection, person conducting the inspection, results, and unusual findings.

Repair

In all repair work, the manufacturer'south teaching must be followed or the adapt must be sent to repair location authorised by the manufacturer.

References

1. ↑ ^{1.0 i.i} EU-OSHA - European Bureau for Safety and Wellness at Piece of work (2009). Risk Assessment. Retrieved 30 April 2012, from: [one]
2. ↑ ^{ii.0 2.one 2.2 2.3 2.4 two.5 ii.6} Directive 89/656/EEC of thirty November 1989 on the minimum wellness and condom requirements for the use by workers of personal protective equipment at the workplace. Available at: [2]
3. ↑ ^{3.0 3.1 3.ii 3.3} Directive 98/24/EC of 7 April 1998 on the protection of the wellness and prophylactic of workers from the risks related to chemic agents at piece of work (fourteenth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(one) of Directive 89/391/EEC). Available at: [3]
4. ↑ ^{four.0 iv.1 4.2 4.3 four.4} Directive 2000/54/EC of eighteen September 2000 of the European Parliament on the protection of workers from risks related to exposure to biological agents at piece of work. Bachelor at: [iv]
5. ↑ Regulation (EU) 2016/425 on personal protective equipment of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2016 on personal protective equipment and repealing Council Directive 89/686/EEC (with outcome from 21 Apr 2018). Bachelor at: [five]
6. ↑ BS 18004:2008, Guide to achieving effective occupational wellness and safety performance, BSI British Standards, London 2008, p.143
7. ↑ ^{7.0 7.1 seven.2 seven.iii 7.iv 7.v 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9} CEN/TR 15419 Protective clothing. Guidelines for choice, use, care and maintenance of chemical protective vesture, CEN – European Committee for Standardization
8. ↑ ^{8.0 8.1} Dutch ministry of social affairs, BECO, TNO, Arbo Unie (2012). Stoffenmanager, Open source project. Retrieved 2 May 2012, from: [half dozen]
9. ↑ ^{nine.0 9.i 9.2 9.three 9.four 9.5 9.6 9.vii} OSHA Technical Manual, Section VIII: Chapter 1 Chemical Protective Clothing. Available at: [vii]
10. ↑ Van Valen, E., Wekking, E., van der Laan M., Sprangers, G., van Dijk F. 'The course of chronic solvent induced encephalopathy: A systematic review'. NeuroToxicology thirty, 2009, 1172-1186.
11. ↑ Walker, J.T., Girl, 1000., Pottage, T., Parks, S., Davies, A., Bennet, A.M., Leculier, C., Raoul, H., 'Biological containment suits used in microbiological loftier containment facilities and by emergency responders', Textiles for hygiene and infection command, Woodhead Publishing, Oxford, 2011, pp. 173-185
12. ↑ ^{12.0 12.one 12.2 12.3} EN 14126 Protective clothing. Functioning requirements and tests methods for protective clothing against infective agents, CEN – European commission for standardization.
13. ↑ ^{thirteen.0 xiii.one 13.2 13.iii} EN 943-i: Protective wear against liquid and gaseous chemicals, including liquid aerosols and solid particles, Performance requirements for ventilated and non-ventilated gas-tight (Type 1) and non-gas-tight (Blazon two) chemical protective suits, CEN – European commission for standardization.
14. ↑ ^{14.0 xiv.1 xiv.2 14.iii fourteen.four} EN 943-2: Protective habiliment against liquid and gaseous chemicals, including liquid aerosols and solid particles. Part 2: Functioning requirements for 'gas-tight' (Type 1) chemic protective suits for emergency teams (ET), CEN – European committee for standardization.
15. ↑ ^{15.0 15.ane 15.ii 15.3 15.iv} EN ISO 13982-1: Protective wearable for use against solid particulates. Part i: Functioning requirements for chemical protective vesture providing protection to the full body against airborne solid particulates (type 5 clothing), CEN – European committee for standardization.
16. ↑ ^{sixteen.0 16.1 16.ii} EN 14605 Protective clothing against liquid chemicals. Performance requirements for habiliment with liquid-tight (Type 3) or spray-tight (Type four) connections, including items providing protection to parts of the body only (Types PB)
17. ↑ ^{17.0 17.i 17.2} EN 13034 Protective clothing against liquid chemicals. Performance requirements for chemic protective clothing offering limited protective performance against liquid chemicals (Blazon 6 and Type Pb equipment), CEN – European committee for standardization.
18. ↑ EN ISO 6529 Protective clothing. Protection against chemicals. Determination of resistance of protective clothing materials to permeation by liquids and gases, CEN – European commission for standardization.
19. ↑ ^{xix.0 19.1} EN 14325 Protective clothing confronting chemicals. Test methods and performance nomenclature of chemical protective clothing materials, seams, joins and assemblages, CEN – European committee for standardization, Brussels.
20. ↑ EN ISO 6530 Protective clothing. Protection confronting liquid chemicals. Examination method for resistance of materials to penetration by liquids, CEN – European committee for standardization.
21. ↑ ^{21.0 21.1 21.2} EN 13274-iv: Respiratory protective devices. Methods of test. Part 4: Flame tests, CEN – European committee for standardization.
22. ↑ Sisäasiainministeriö (Finnish Ministry building for Internal Affairs), Pelastussukellusohje (Finnish) Sisäasiainministeriön julkaisuja 48, Sisäasiainministeriö, 2008, p. 43, Bachelor at: [8]

Links for further reading

• European union-OSHA – European Bureau for Safety and Health at Piece of work, Risk assessment essentials. Available at: [9]

• European union-OSHA – European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, Risk assessment, the key to healthy workplaces, Factsheet. Available at: [ten]

• Eu Committee, Personal protective equipment, [xi]

• COSHH essentials, Harm via skin or heart contact, S1102, Selecting personal protective equipment (PPE), Wellness and Safety Executive, HSE. Available at: [12]

• DHHS (NIOSH), Publication Number 2009-132, Recommendations for the Choice and Apply of Respirators and Protective Clothing for Protection confronting Biological Agents. Available at: [13]

• Forsberg K., Mansdorf S.Z, Quick choice guide to chemical protective wear, 5th edition, Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken, New Jersey, 2007, p. 203.

• Frost, S., Mogridge, R., Physiological safety of airfed adapt use during nuclear decommissioning, Research Report RR658, Health and Prophylactic Executive, Buxton, 2008, Available at: [14]

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Source: https://oshwiki.eu/wiki/Protective_clothing_against_chemical_and_biological_hazards

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